Castanea dentata

نباتاتی نام :  کاسٹینیا دینتیٹا  Botanical Name: Castanea dentata

خاندان ©: فابیسی Family: Fabaceae

انگریزی نام: امریکن چسٹ نٹ American Chestnut

 "chestnut", or "sweet chestnut" "Spanish chestnut", "Portuguese chestnut" and "marron" (French for "chestnut").

دیسی نام:

ابتدائی مسکن(ارتقائ):یورپ اور اشیا،شمال مشرقی امریکہ

قسم: پت جھاڑ

شکل:بیضوی                 قد:30-45 میٹر             قطر:10-3 میٹر

پتے:پتے28-16 سینٹی مٹیر لمبے اور 9-5سینٹی میٹر چوڑے تنا 2 میٹر،چھال نیٹ کی شکل کی گہری دڑاڑیں تنے کے دونوں جانب مرغولے کی شکل نما ۔

 پھولوں کا رنگ:                              پھول آنے کا وقت: جون اور جولائی۔ دونوں جنس کے ، نر پھول حصوں میں اور مادہ پھول 20-10 سینٹی میٹر لمبے اوپر کو اٹھے ہوئے غنچوں پر ۔ نر پھول اوپر کی طرف اور مادہ نچلے حصے پر۔ نصف

شمالی

 In the northern hemisphere,, the female flowers develop into spiny cupules containing 3-7 brownish nuts that are shed during October. The female flowers eventually form a spiky sheath that deters predators from the seed.[4]

کاشت:بیج سے اگنے والا درخت 20 سال کی عمر کے بعد پھل لگتا ہے۔جب کہ پیوند شدہ درخت پر 5 سال کے بعد پھل لگتا ہے

جگہ کا انتخاب:درمیانی آب و ہوامیں مناسب نمی ۔کہر سے درخت کو نقصان پہنچتا ہے چونے والی مٹی کو برداشت نہیں کرتا ۔کسی حد تک سایہ برداشت کر سکتا ہے

نمایاں خصوصیات:

شاخ تراشی:

بیماریاں:See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on chestnut trees

استعمال ©:

کھانے کے قابل

Sweet chestnut a thousand years old in Levie (Corsica)

Roasted chestnuts

The species is widely cultivated for its edible seeds (also called nuts) and for its wood. As early as Roman times, it was introduced into more northerly regions, and later was also cultivated in monastery gardens by monks. Today, centuries-old specimens may be found in Great Britain and the whole of central, western and southern Europe.

The tree was a popular choice for landscaping in England, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. C. sativa was probably introduced to the region during the Roman occupation, and many ancient examples are recorded.[4] More recently, the tree has been planted as a street tree in England, and examples can be seen particularly in the London Borough of Islington.

The ornamental cultivar C. sativa 'Albomarginata'[6] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Sweet chestnut has been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[7] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[8]

Food[edit]

Street vendors in Istanbul

The raw nuts, though edible, have a skin which is astringent and unpleasant to eat when still moist, after drying for a time the thin skin loses its astringency but is still better removed to reach the white fruit underneath. Cooking dry in an oven or fire normally helps remove this skin. Chestnuts are traditionally roasted in their tough brown husks after removing the spiny cupules in which they grow on the tree, the husks being peeled off and discarded and the hot chestnuts dipped in salt before eating them. Roast chestnuts are traditionally sold in streets, markets and fairs by street vendors with mobile or static braziers.

The skin of raw peeled chestnuts can be relatively easily removed by quickly blanching the nuts after scoring them by a cross slit at the tufted end.[9] Once cooked, chestnuts acquire a sweet flavour and a floury texture not unlike sweet potato. The cooked nuts can be used for stuffing poultry, as a vegetable or in nut roasts. They can also be used in confections, puddings, desserts and cakes. They are used for flour, bread making, a cereal substitute, coffee substitute, a thickener in soups and other cookery uses, as well as for fattening stock. A sugar can be extracted from them.[5] The Corsican variety of polenta (calledpulenta) is made with sweet chestnut flour. A local variety of Corsican beer also uses chestnuts. The product is sold as a sweetened paste mixed with vanilla,crème de marron, sweetened or unsweetened as chestnut purée or purée de marron, and candied chestnuts as marrons glacés.[10] In Switzerland, it is often served as Vermicelles.

Roman soldiers were given chestnut porridge before entering battle.[4]

Leaf infusions are used in respiratory diseases and are a popular remedy for whooping cough.[5] A hair shampoo can be made from infusing leaves and fruit husks.[5]

Wood[edit]

This tree responds very well to coppicing, which is still practised in Britain, and produces a good crop of tannin-rich wood every 12 to 30 years, depending on intended use and local growth rate. The tannin renders the young growing wood durable and resistant to outdoor use, thus suitable for posts, fencing or stakes.[11] The wood is of light colour, hard and strong. It is used to make furniture, barrels (sometimes used to age balsamic vinegar), and roof beams notably in southern Europe (for example in houses of the Alpujarra, Spain, in southern France and elsewhere). The timber has a density of 560 kg per cubic meter,[12] and due to its durability in ground contact is often used for external purposes such as fencing.[12] It is also a good fuel, though not favoured for open fires as it tends to spit.[5]

Tannin is found in the following proportions on a 10% moisture basis: bark (6.8%), wood (13.4%), seed husks (10 - 13%). The leaves also contain tannin.[